On September 18, 2020, the Consumer Voice announced that effective September 17, 2020, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) released a memo significantly easing visitation restrictions in nursing homes.
The new guidance, which is effective immediately, permits outdoor visitation, indoor visitation, and compassionate care visits and lays out a framework for those visits. CMS notes that this guidance replaces all previous guidance.
Special needs trusts (sometimes called “supplemental needs” trusts) allow a disabled beneficiary to receive an inheritance, gifts, lawsuit settlements or other funds without losing eligibility for certain government benefit programs, such as Supplemental Security Income (SSI) and Medicaid. We draft these trusts so that the funds are not treated as the asset (or “resource”) of the beneficiary. This means that the assets do not cause the beneficiary to lose eligibility for public benefits, yet there is an extra pool of funds to help the beneficiary.
Special needs trusts are not support trusts. This means they are not designed to provide basic medical or health support. Rather, special needs trusts are intended to pay for items (many are considered staples of life but also comforts and luxuries) that are not paid for by public assistance funds. These trusts typically pay for things like a microwave, a trip to the movies, cable television, a camera, deodorant, detergent, education, recreation, counseling, health and beauty products, and other things beyond the simple necessities of life.
In the most general sense, we draft two types of special needs trusts: third-party and first-party. Third-party special needs trusts fall into two categories: one for disabled family member, such as a child, and one for a spouse who is having long term care paid for by Medicaid. The first type is created by a parent or other family member for a disabled child or relative (even though the child or relative may be an adult by the time the trust is created or funded). The second type, a testamentary (part of a will) special needs trust for a spouse who is on Medicaid, can preserve wealth for other family members.
A standalone (not part of a will) third-party special needs trust is a much better solution than cutting the disabled child out of the will. Many parents do just that: they leave their estate to their children who do not have disabilities, thereby excluding the disabled child because he or she is unable to manage the funds. This is a bad idea for several reasons:
First, what happens to those funds if the child who is inheriting his or her disabled sibling’s share has creditors or goes through a divorce? Those funds will be counted as the non-disabled child’s funds.
Second, what happens to those funds if the child who is inheriting his or her disabled sibling’s share dies? Where do those funds go then?
Third, it may not be clear if how much of the inherited money is to be used for the disabled child versus how much can be used by the child who is not disabled. Leaving the disabled child’s share to more than one child who is not disabled can be a disaster. For instance, if one sibling sets money aside for the disabled sibling, and another child does not, resentments can build that may split the family.
Fourth, relying on one’s other children to take care of their siblings places an undue burden on them and can strain relations between them.
Fifth, public benefits programs and individual circumstances change over time; what is appropriate now may not be appropriate in the future. Public benefits programs often do not provide adequate care so the needs of the disabled person may need to be supplemented.
In order for a plan involving a special needs trust to work, the parents’ estate plan must be modified. Any inheritance for the disabled child should be left to the special needs trust. Parents should tell family members who might wish to gift or leave assets to the disabled child that they must direct all gifts and bequests for the child to the trust. Beneficiary designations on all life insurance policies, IRAs, retirement accounts, etc., must be changed so that the proceeds are directed to the special needs trust; otherwise they will pass to the disabled child.
It is important that third-party special needs trusts be drafted as qualified disability trusts to take advantage of income tax laws.
First-party special needs trusts (sometimes called “self-settled” or “self-funded” trusts) are frequently established by individuals who become disabled as the result of an accident or medical malpractice and later receive the proceeds of a personal injury award or settlement. The disabled individual, if able, or his or her guardian or parent, if unable, may create such a trust. Each public benefits program has restrictions that the special needs trust must comply with in order not to jeopardize the beneficiary’s continued eligibility for public benefits. This type of special needs trust is complex. Special consideration needs to be given to whether or not to make this type of trust a grantor trust for income tax purposes.
Special note: The trustee of a special needs trust beneficiary who is receiving SSI has to be very careful to not make expenditures for food and shelter (clothing restrictions no longer apply) unless the trustee carefully concludes that doing so is in the beneficiary’s best interest despite a possible loss of or reduction in public assistance benefits.
Click here to download a PDF of this article.
Excerpt from “FinalCare: Boomers for Parents”, The Roanoker, January-February 2016.
Photo credit: Dan Smith
“The parent may love the child who lives in Kansas City and sees the parent one time a year the same as the child who lives down the street. However, the time and attention the child living in town dwarfs that provided by the out-of-town child. Should the child in town inherit more? … If a parent is going to leave less in a will or trust to one child than another, I advise clients to write a letter to the child who is receiving less explaining why…and reiterating that it has nothing to do with love.”
The will is crucial. “There is a growing consumerism attached to wills and powers of attorney,” says Dellinger. “Non-lawyers want to make a profit and so they offer ‘products’ at a cheaper rate than what the lawyer’s price may be.” Most often, says Dellinger, you get what you pay for.
Indecision and suspicion are important stressors, Dellinger says. A well-advised parent is prepared to tell her children what she would like to see happen prior to the events that cause the stress,” he says.
“I think the families most likely to have legal difficulties are those that do not take the time to think through the ‘what ifs,'” Dellinger stresses. “…It is not fun to sit around considering your death or incapacity. However, it is a gift to those serving under a power of attorney or handling an estate.”
Click here to download a PDF of this article.
Video presentation by Mark Dellinger, April 9, 2014.
“You and the Law: Aging With Dignity”, Roanoke Bar Association.
“Do I need a trust?” This is a question asked by many individuals as they consider their estate planning needs. The honest answer is “It depends.” Many factors, including a person’s tax and non-tax goals, their assets, and their family situation, will determine if a trust is necessary. Continue reading
Business owners are often faced with the question, “Do I need a buy-sell agreement?” The answer is “Yes, but only if the buy-sell agreement is properly designed and drafted and fits your situation.” The right buy-sell agreement can form an important part of a business succession plan and an estate plan. However, a poorly designed buy-sell agreement can create problems rather than solve them. Here are two examples. Continue reading
The phone call comes just before midnight. The voice on the other end explains that your mother fell and is in the hospital.
Over the course of the next several days, you learn that Mom will need to rehabilitate her broken hip in a nearby long term care facility, a.k.a. nursing home. She tells you that some facilities accept Medicaid and some do not. This is the first time you hear the word “Medicaid” in the context of care for your mother. Your mind races to remember how it is different from Medicare. Continue reading
Why do we fail to plan? “I don’t have that much,” is a common answer. Other common misconceptions are that it is too expensive or complicated. Many do not want to address our mortality.
For almost everyone, the plan should include a will, a power of attorney and an advance medical directive. Some plans will also include some sort of trust. These documents are not “products” in the sense that we think of other things we buy from stores. Continue reading
